Anil Trigunayat
No one in their sane mind would debunk the Panchsheel principles which were a harbour of peaceful existence in a fractured world, though Chinese never actually believed in them.
On June 18, some would probably still be thinking of the principles of coexistence called Panchsheel. 70 years ago, India and China had signed an Agreement (April, 1954) later PM Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai issued a Joint Statement, recodifying, incorporating and offering a new framework of code of conduct in international discourse.
Post World War II the global order was barely emerging and stabilising while the geo-political landscape quickly turned into a divisive and dangerous theatre of Cold War adversaries with blocs led by the US and Soviet Union in a mission mode to convert the newly independent countries into their fiefdom and sphere of influence.
Civilisational states more often than not do not fall quickly into the trap of colonial travesty yet again. In this kind of a highly competitive scenario between the superpowers to quietly undermine the other, despite prevailing balance of power, India, achieving its independence, took a position of subjective and conscious non-alignment policy while Pandit Nehru took recourse to a more idealistic foreign policy.
In this backdrop, not only India and China signed the five Principles of Coexistence but this was also adopted as the guiding principle at the Afro-Asian Bandung Conference in 1955 and later by the United Nations General Assembly in 1957 piloted by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden. They also became the fulcrum of the Non-Aligned Movement at Belgrade in 1961.
No one in their sane mind would debunk these Panchsheel principles which were a harbour of peaceful existence in a fractured world. In essence these include mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual non-aggression; mutual non-interference in internal affairs; equality and cooperation for mutual benefit; and Peaceful coexistence.
Given the quest for an ideal scenario these were widely appreciated and accepted except the super powers for whom geo-political and geo-economic and ideological contestations and winning were the primary drivers. This is understandable.
But how did these play out between the two initiators of these principles in the foreign policy domain is a history well known. For any agreements or understandings to be implemented between two countries the genuine interest, serious intent and sufficient countering capacity and mutual respect are essential but may not necessarily be sufficient conditions. Nehru claimed, ‘If these principles were recognised in the mutual relations (among states) then indeed there could hardly be any conflict.‘
Nehru was proved wrong owing to his failed China policy and perfidy by the Chinese leadership, which overtly may claim that both India and China have enough space in the world to grow together, but Chinese don’t believe in it .
Nehru had the sane advice of Sardar Patel who wrote at length urging not to trust the Chinese. Kriplani and others did so too in the parliament. But Ambedkar, father of the Indian constitution and a Buddhist himself, warned Nehru quoting fundamentals not to take China seriously, “Since Panchsheel is the part of Buddhist philosophy and if the Chinese had an iota of faith in this they would have treated their Buddhist population in a different manner.”
No wonder the 14th Dalai Lama (HHDL) sought refuge in India in 1959 and is the revered guest even as India continued to maintain and tried to improve relations with Peoples Republic of China over the decades. But Nehru had to wait until the 1962 debacle before his faith in the ‘Hindi Chini bhai-bhai’ slogan was shattered. Hence, a scholar Ram Madhav argued that we need to move beyond the Panchsheel which was affected by strategic deception and superficiality. If Chinese intransigence continues India may very likely do the course correction with regard to its Tibet policy since in such a toxic environment business as usual can only happen in a fool’s paradise.
A quick analysis will reveal that China had started breaking or broken each of the five principles of coexistence as it pursued and continues to pursue a hegemonistic approach towards India and other of its neighbours. First three principles were violated in less than a decade. Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty have been thrown out of the window and China continues to occupy large part of Indian territory and some even acquired in Aksai Chin with the connivance of its now iron-clad friend Pakistan in the occupied Kashmir.
China ‘s Belt and Road Initiative (2013) and its major tributary in China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is yet another testament to the aggressive intent for violating even the status quo and territorial integrity of India . Its physical and cartographic aggression continues apace as the geopolitical situation in the current times becomes far more rankled and dangerous . China aims to get a pole status to lead a group of likeminded nations in the ensuing Cold war 2.0 scenario.
A quick analysis will reveal that China had started breaking or broken each of the five principles of coexistence as it pursued and continues to pursue a hegemonistic approach towards India and other of its neighbours. First three principles were violated in less than a decade. Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty have been thrown out of the window and China continues to occupy large part of Indian territory and some even acquired in Aksai Chin with the connivance of its now iron-clad friend Pakistan in the occupied Kashmir.
China ‘s Belt and Road Initiative (2013) and its major tributary in China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is yet another testament to the aggressive intent for violating even the status quo and territorial integrity of India . Its physical and cartographic aggression continues apace as the geopolitical situation in the current times becomes far more rankled and dangerous . China aims to get a pole status to lead a group of likeminded nations in the ensuing Cold war 2.0 scenario.
India, which still believes of these principles and through its dictum of Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam, advances and practices a new universalistic approach, ought to take the lead by imbibing the ideals for ensuring global access to global goods and global commons for the global welfare through dialogue and diplomacy for peace and stability. In any case this would have to be driven from a real strategic perspective as the idealistic parameters are deployed for its broader acceptance.
Anil Trigunayat, is a former Indian Ambassador to Jordan, Libya and Malta, and currently heads the West Asia Experts Group at Vivekananda International Foundation.
The article was first published in Firstpost as 70 years of Panchsheel: Why this 1954 agreement between India and China must never be forgotten on June 28, 2024
Disclaimer: All views expressed in the article belong solely to the author and not necessarily to the organisation.
Read more at IMPRI:
The AI Ascendancy: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges
PM Hasina’s second India sojourn: Paving the future of India-Bangladesh ties
Acknowledgment: This article was posted by Bhaktiba Jadeja, a research intern at IMPRI.
