SEED Scheme (2022): Economic Empowerment and Social Inclusion of Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic Communities in India

Policy Update

Debjani Chatterjee

Background

Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic (DNT) communities in India have faced long standing social discrimination, poverty and exclusion from development opportunities. During British rule, the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 labelled several communities as criminal. Although the Act was repealed in 1952, many communities continued to face difficulties in accessing education, healthcare, housing and stable livelihoods. A major policy gap was the lack of targeted and coordinated support to address their specific needs.

Existing welfare programmes did not always reach these communities effectively, particularly those who lacked secure housing, formal employment and access to essential services. To address these gaps, the Government of India launched the Scheme for Economic Empowerment of DNTs (SEED) on 16 February 2022, with a budget of ₹200 crore for five years. The scheme provides support for free coaching, health insurance, livelihood activities and housing, with the aim of improving access to essential services, economic opportunities and social inclusion.

Functioning

1. Institutional Architecture: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched SEED on 16 February 2022. The Development and Welfare Board for De Notified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic Communities (DWBDNC) oversees its implementation.
2. Funding Mechanism: The scheme was initially allocated ₹200 crore for five years. Funds are released through designated implementing agencies, with financial tracking through the Public Financial Management System (PFMS) and Aadhaar Enabled Payment System.
3. Beneficiaries: The scheme targets Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic communities. Beneficiaries are identified by State Governments and Union Territories, which issue the required community certificates.
4. Implementation Process: SEED has four components: free coaching for competitive examinations, health insurance through Ayushman Bharat PM JAY, livelihood support through community institutions and Self Help Groups, and assistance in accessing housing schemes.
5. Monitoring Mechanism: DWBDNC reviews implementation through progress reports from State Governments and implementing agencies. Grantee organisations must submit utilisation certificates, helping track the use of public funds.
6. Stakeholders: The Ministry, DWBDNC, State Governments, Union Territories, implementing agencies, coaching institutions and community level groups work together to deliver the scheme’s benefits.

Performance

1. Educational support: During 2025–26, the government reported 4,485 beneficiaries under educational empowerment, with ₹26.75 crore disbursed (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026b). Under the coaching component, eligibility requirements include belonging to a DNT community and meeting the prescribed income and academic criteria (Development and Welfare Board for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities [DWBDNC], ). This support helps students prepare for competitive examinations.

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2026b).

2. Livelihood development: During 2025–26, ₹16 crore was channelled to 64,701 individuals under the livelihood component. The government also reported the formation of 5,623 self help groups across eight states (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026b). These initiatives provide a platform for collective savings, income generation and small enterprise development.

3. Healthcare access: The government reported issuing 73,569 Ayushman Bharat cards during 2025–26 (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026b). These cards help eligible community members access hospitalisation coverage under PM JAY, subject to its applicable conditions. However, card issuance does not necessarily mean that every beneficiary has used the insurance facility.

4. Skill development: A parliamentary reply dated 17 December 2025 reported that 2,199 self help groups received skill development training, benefiting 10,554 individuals. Training included sewing, soap making, jewellery making, food processing, animal husbandry and basic computer skills. A revolving fund of ₹25,000 was provided to promote financial activity and small businesses (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2025).

5. Financial assistance and outreach: During 2025–26, more than 1.10 lakh beneficiaries were reported across different scheme components, with ₹53.06 crore released for implementation (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026a). This indicates substantial administrative and financial reach, although the published summary does not provide a complete breakdown by component or unique individuals.

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2026a, 2026b).

6. Traditional livelihoods: Training and enterprise support can help communities preserve traditional skills while developing new sources of income. The government reported examples of women using livelihood assistance and revolving funds to support enterprises, including small shops and traditional craft activities (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2025, 2026a). These examples illustrate livelihood opportunities, although they do not establish the long term profitability of enterprises across all beneficiaries.

7. Housing support: SEED facilitates housing assistance through existing schemes such as PMAY Gramin and PMAY Urban, subject to the applicable eligibility requirements (DWBDNC, n.d.-b). However, the cited recent performance releases do not provide a verified total of houses completed specifically for SEED beneficiaries.

8. Monitoring and accountability: The official SEED framework requires beneficiary identification by state and union territory authorities, fund tracking through the Public Financial Management System (PFMS) and Aadhaar Enabled Payment System, and submission of utilisation certificates by grantee organisations (DWBDNC, n.d.-c). These mechanisms support financial accountability. Publishing component wise outcomes, examination success rates, income changes and completed housing figures would help assess long term impact more accurately.

Impact

1. Improved access to educational opportunities: SEED has helped students from Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic communities access coaching for competitive examinations. This can reduce some of the financial barriers faced by students from disadvantaged households. However, publicly available government reports do not yet establish how many students secured jobs or entered higher education because of this support. The demonstrated impact is improved access to preparation, rather than confirmed educational success (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026).

2. New opportunities for independent livelihoods: Livelihood assistance has created opportunities for community members to explore small businesses and income generating activities. Government reported examples include women starting small grocery shops, bangle shops and goat rearing activities. These examples show how support can be used to pursue self employment instead of depending entirely on irregular work. However, there is insufficient public evidence to establish whether these businesses generated stable incomes over time (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2025, 2026).

3. Greater participation in collective economic activities: Self Help Groups provide a platform for community members to work together, share knowledge and organise livelihood activities. For women in particular, participation in these groups can create opportunities to engage in financial decisions and income generating work. However, the extent to which group membership has increased women’s control over household finances or decision making has not been established through published scheme specific evaluations.

4. Potential reduction in healthcare related financial hardship: Access to Ayushman Bharat coverage can help eligible households obtain hospital treatment without bearing the full cost of covered services themselves. This is important for families with limited savings, for whom major medical expenses can create financial stress. However, available SEED reports do not provide sufficient evidence on actual hospital admissions, out of pocket expenditure saved or reductions in medical debt among beneficiaries. The financial protection impact therefore remains difficult to quantify.

5. Recognition of traditional skills and products: SEED related public events have provided artisans from DNT communities with opportunities to display traditional crafts and products. The Samavesh Utsav held in September 2026 brought community representatives together and showcased products from different states and Union Territories. Such platforms can improve public visibility of traditional occupations and create opportunities to connect with potential buyers. However, the extent of additional sales and income earned by participating artisans has not been documented adequately (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026).

6. Better opportunities for social participation: By connecting communities with educational support, livelihood initiatives and existing welfare programmes, SEED creates more formal channels through which historically excluded groups can engage with public institutions. This may help beneficiaries become more aware of available services and their entitlements. However, there is not yet enough published evidence to conclude that the scheme has substantially reduced social discrimination or improved equal treatment in everyday life.

7. Housing security remains unverified: The scheme helps eligible community members seek housing support through existing government programmes. Secure housing can improve family stability and support access to education, healthcare and livelihood opportunities. However, the available reports do not establish how many SEED beneficiaries have obtained completed houses through this assistance. Its actual contribution to housing security therefore remains unclear.

8. Long term economic impact needs stronger evidence: SEED has created channels for assistance across several areas of disadvantage, but the lasting effect on poverty and economic independence remains uncertain. Publicly available data do not adequately show changes in household income, savings, employment stability, business survival or living conditions before and after receiving support. Regular beneficiary surveys and follow up assessments would help determine whether the scheme is producing sustained improvements in economic security and social inclusion.

Emerging Issues 

1. Limited coverage compared with the size of the target population: The SEED Scheme aims to support Denotified, Nomadic and Semi Nomadic communities, which have historically faced social and economic exclusion. However, reaching eligible families across different states remains a major challenge. In its 2025 year end review, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment reported that 5,061 self help groups had been formed across eight states, benefiting 61,133 individuals. Although this indicates progress, it also raises questions about whether support is reaching the wider eligible population, particularly communities living in remote areas. The government figures do not establish what proportion of all eligible households has been covered. (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2025).

2. Gaps in educational outcomes: The scheme provides free coaching to improve educational opportunities for students from DNT communities. In April 2026, the government reported that 4,485 students received educational support during 2025–26, backed by ₹26.75 crore. However, the number of students receiving coaching does not show how many passed competitive examinations, entered higher education or secured employment. Without publicly reported data on examination results, course completion and longer term progression, it remains difficult to assess the scheme’s educational effectiveness. (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026a).

3. Uncertainty about sustainable livelihood generation: The formation of self help groups is an important step towards collective economic activity, but it does not automatically guarantee stable incomes. In April 2026, the government reported ₹16 crore in livelihood support for 64,701 individuals. However, the available figures do not clearly establish how many beneficiaries started viable enterprises, increased their earnings or maintained their livelihoods over time. Access to markets, business training, affordable credit and regular mentoring remains important for ensuring that financial support produces lasting economic improvements. (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026a).

4. Challenges in accessing healthcare benefits: The government reported that 73,569 Ayushman Bharat cards were issued under the scheme during 2025–26. Although these cards may improve access to eligible hospital treatment, card distribution alone does not confirm that beneficiaries have received timely healthcare. Lack of awareness, documentation difficulties, distance from hospitals and challenges in navigating health services may limit actual utilisation. Publicly available figures on hospital admissions, treatment received and out of pocket expenditure specifically among SEED beneficiaries would help assess whether healthcare access has improved in practice. (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026a).

5. Difficulties in reaching mobile and nomadic communities: Many nomadic and semi nomadic groups move between locations for work, seasonal activities and traditional occupations. This mobility can make it difficult for government agencies to identify eligible households, maintain updated records and provide continuous support. Families may also face difficulties accessing educational institutions, healthcare facilities and local administrative offices. Although SEED seeks to improve access to welfare services, publicly available scheme data do not sufficiently explain how service delivery is adapted to the specific needs of mobile communities.

6. Weak monitoring of long term outcomes: The government reported that more than 1.10 lakh beneficiaries were covered under different SEED components during 2025–26, with ₹53.06 crore released for implementation. However, aggregate figures on beneficiaries and expenditure provide limited information about changes in poverty, household income, educational attainment or social inclusion. The figures also need to distinguish between unique individuals and people receiving support through more than one component. A transparent monitoring system with regular state wise reporting and beneficiary level outcome indicators would improve accountability. (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2026b).

7. Uneven implementation across states: SEED livelihood initiatives have been implemented across selected states, with self help group formation concentrated in eight states in the government’s reporting. This raises questions about how effectively the scheme reaches DNT communities in other regions and whether implementation reflects differences in local occupations, language, geography and economic conditions. State wise information on applications, approvals, funds released, funds spent and outcomes is necessary to identify implementation gaps. Without comparable information, it is difficult to determine whether eligible communities have equitable access to the scheme.

8. Limited evidence of social inclusion and recognition: The scheme seeks to improve the social and economic inclusion of communities that have experienced historical exclusion. Events such as Samavesh Utsav provide opportunities to showcase traditional crafts and products. In September 2026, the government reported participation by more than 700 beneficiaries and community representatives, with 20 stalls displaying products from six states and Union Territories. However, such events do not by themselves demonstrate a lasting reduction in discrimination or improved access to mainstream institutions. More evidence is needed on social attitudes, access to public services and the sustained participation of DNT communities in economic and civic life.

Sources: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2026a, 2026b, 2026c).

Way Forward

1. Improve identification and registration of eligible families

The government should work with district administrations, local bodies and community organisations to identify eligible DNT, NT and SNT households. Registration camps can be organised in settlements and areas where nomadic groups regularly travel. Officials should help families complete applications and resolve documentation issues. Existing government records can be used where legally permitted, with safeguards for personal information. This would reduce the risk of eligible families being excluded.

2. Strengthen educational support and track progress

SEED should provide clear information about coaching opportunities, eligibility, application deadlines and financial assistance. District help desks and partnerships with government colleges can simplify applications. Students receiving coaching should be tracked through attendance, course completion, examination participation and results. Mentoring and remedial classes can support students who need additional help. This would help assess educational progress beyond beneficiary numbers.

3. Make self help groups financially sustainable

The government should strengthen existing self help groups through business training, bookkeeping support and guidance on accessing suitable credit. Groups should select activities based on local demand, such as traditional crafts, livestock rearing and food processing. Implementing agencies can connect them with local markets, government procurement opportunities and digital selling platforms. Progress should be measured through active membership, savings, business survival and household income. This would help ensure that group formation leads to sustainable economic activity.

4. Improve housing support through state coordination

The central government should coordinate with states and local authorities to identify eligible DNT households awaiting housing assistance. Officials should examine delays related to land availability, documentation and approvals. States should help families complete applications under existing housing schemes and provide suitable land where necessary. Progress should be measured through houses sanctioned, construction started and houses completed, rather than applications alone.

5. Improve practical access to healthcare

Health support should focus on helping families use their Ayushman Bharat entitlements, not merely obtain cards. Local health camps and community workers can explain eligibility, nearby empanelled hospitals and treatment procedures. Officials should help resolve identity verification errors and other administrative barriers. Follow up systems should record service use and complaint resolution. These steps can be integrated into existing health services.

6. Strengthen implementation across states

The Ministry should work with states and Union Territories to improve identification, registration and benefit delivery. Clear procedures for issuing DNT certificates, transparent document requirements and reasonable processing timelines are essential. District level nodal officers could coordinate education, livelihood, healthcare and housing support. This would improve consistency while allowing states to respond to local needs.

7. Introduce transparent monitoring and grievance redressal

The government should publish regular state wise information on applications, approvals, expenditure, benefits delivered and pending cases. Education monitoring should include course completion and examination results, while livelihood reporting should cover active enterprises and income changes. Housing data should distinguish between sanctioned and completed houses. Accessible grievance mechanisms would help beneficiaries report delays and rejected applications, improving accountability.

8. Involve communities in planning

The government should consult DNT representatives, women, young people and artisans when designing programmes and selecting livelihood activities. Training can build on traditional skills while improving product quality, pricing and market access. Community representatives can also identify practical barriers to accessing benefits. Their participation would help ensure that scheme delivery reflects the needs of different communities.

9. Expand awareness through accessible communication

Information about SEED should be shared through local language leaflets, community meetings, mobile camps and trusted organisations. Materials should explain eligibility, application procedures, required documents and available support. Offline assistance should remain available for families with limited internet access. This relatively low cost approach can be integrated into existing district outreach programmes.

10. Evaluate outcomes and improve implementation

The Ministry should periodically assess whether SEED improves education, livelihood security, healthcare access and housing conditions. Administrative records, beneficiary interviews and sample surveys can help identify progress and gaps across states, genders and age groups. Independent assessments should inform funding priorities and implementation changes. This would help the scheme respond to evidence rather than relying solely on activity reports.

References and Links

Development and Welfare Board for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities. (n.d.). SEED scheme. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. https://dwbdnc.dosje.gov.in/content/seed-scheme

Development and Welfare Board for De-notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities. (2025). Scheme for Economic Empowerment of DNTs (SEED): Guidelines (modified with effect from 11 February 2025). Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. https://dwbdnc.dosje.gov.in/public/uploads/news/67381742882523.pdf

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2025, December 17). Economic empowerment of denotified, nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2205284

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2026a). Annual report 2025–26. Government of India. https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/71441776233188.pdf

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2026b, August 17). Government strengthens welfare and economic empowerment of de-notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic communities through SEED scheme. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2300633

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2026c, September 1). More than 700 beneficiaries participate in ‘Samavesh Utsav’ celebrating inclusion, empowerment and progress of DNT communities. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2305590

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2026d, July 7). Over 1.10 lakh beneficiaries covered under SEED components with focus on education, livelihood and healthcare initiatives; Rs.53.06 crores released for implementation during 2025–26. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2282108

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2026e, April 18). Unprecedented strides in 2025–26 under the Scheme for Economic Empowerment of DNTs (SEED). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2253348

About the Contributor

Debjani Chatterjee is a policy researcher with a background in Finance and Political science. Her work focuses on leveraging data analytics to support evidence based policy research.

Acknowledgement

My sincere thanks to the Impact and Policy Research Institute (IMPRI) for the opportunity to prepare this policy update article. IMPRI’s dedication to connecting research with actionable policy practice provides an invaluable platform for learning.

Reviewed by Pritha Chowdhury and Anamika P K 

Disclaimer

The opinions expressed in this article are strictly those of the author and do not reflect the official position or views of the organization.

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