Policy Update
Deepankshi Agnihotry
Introduction
As the world accelerates its shift toward sustainable energy solutions, the role of nuclear power is being re-evaluated globally. While solar and wind energy dominate discussions around renewable sources, nuclear energy is steadily emerging as a dependable, scalable, and low-carbon alternative. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), global nuclear power capacity is projected to more than double, rising from 413 GW in 2021 to 871 GW by 2050 under its Net Zero Emissions 2050 Scenario. Nuclear energy currently accounts for over 25% of total low-carbon electricity generation, preventing approximately 1.5 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO₂ emissions annually.
India, with its ambitious climate targets and growing energy demands, recognizes the pivotal role of nuclear power in ensuring energy security and achieving net-zero goals. The power sector in India contributes nearly 40% of global energy-related emissions, necessitating significant expansion of low-carbon generation. With electricity demand expected to more than double by 2050, nuclear power provides a stable and reliable source to complement intermittent renewables. As of 2023, India operates 22 nuclear reactors with a total capacity of 6.78 GW, contributing about 3% of the country’s total electricity generation. Plans are underway to increase this capacity to 22 GW by 2031.
This discussion explores the Department of Atomic Energy’s (DAE) role in advancing nuclear energy in India, highlighting its foundational journey, strategic significance, and future contributions to the country’s clean energy transition.
Genesis and Evolution of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
The journey of India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is rooted in the visionary leadership of Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, often referred to as the father of the Indian nuclear program. Recognizing the immense potential of nuclear energy for India’s development, Dr. Bhabha emphasized indigenous capabilities in nuclear science and technology.
The foundation for DAE was laid in 1948 with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) under the Department of Scientific Research. The AEC’s mandate was to formulate policies related to atomic energy and oversee research in the field. However, realizing the strategic importance of nuclear technology for energy security, healthcare, agriculture, and national defense, the Government of India took a decisive step.
On August 3, 1954, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was created under the direct charge of the Prime Minister, giving it autonomy and the necessary authority to spearhead India’s nuclear ambitions. The establishment of DAE marked a pivotal moment in India’s scientific journey, enabling focused research, development, and deployment of nuclear technologies across sectors. DAE’s creation was also influenced by India’s post-independence aspirations for technological self-reliance and strategic autonomy.
At a time when nuclear technology was closely guarded by global powers, India’s commitment to developing indigenous capabilities was critical. The Three-Stage Nuclear Power Program, conceptualized by Dr. Bhabha, became the cornerstone of India’s nuclear energy policy. It aimed to utilize India’s abundant thorium reserves for long-term energy security through a phased development strategy:
- Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs): Utilizing natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator.
- Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs): Converting fertile plutonium into fissile material.
- Thorium-based Reactors: Harnessing thorium reserves for sustainable nuclear power generation.
Over the decades, DAE has expanded its reach through premier institutions such as:
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC): Established in 1954 as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET), later renamed in 1967 to honor Dr. Bhabha. BARC spearheads India’s nuclear research and development activities.
- Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL): Responsible for the construction and operation of nuclear power reactors.
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR): Focused on fast breeder reactor technologies.
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR): Founded by Dr. Bhabha in 1945, it laid the groundwork for nuclear research in India.
Additionally, the DAE oversees programs in nuclear medicine, agriculture, and industry, contributing to socio-economic growth. Its role extends to India’s strategic program, establishing India as a responsible nuclear power with a robust safety framework.
Nuclear Energy Mission
Source- Kudankulam Nuclear Energy Plant
The Union Budget 2025-26 signifies a landmark advancement in India’s energy transition with the launch of the Nuclear Energy Mission, spearheaded by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). With a robust allocation of ₹20,000 crore for the research and development (R&D) of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), the initiative aims to develop at least five indigenously designed and operational SMRs by 2033, positioning India as a leader in advanced nuclear technologies.
To ensure the successful implementation of this mission, DAE will:
- Propose amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, fostering an investment-friendly environment for private sector participation.
- Collaborate extensively with private entities to promote innovation and technology expansion in the nuclear sector.
| TARGET | DETAILS |
| Nuclear Capacity (as of Jan 2025) | 8,180 MW |
| Target Capacity (by 2047) | 100 GW |
| Private Sector Role | Land, cooling water, and capital provisions |
| DAE & NPCIL Role | Design, quality assurance, and operations management |
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The initiative aligns with India’s commitment to achieving 100 GW of nuclear energy capacity by 2047, crucial for reducing carbon emissions and securing long-term energy needs.
Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs)
The DAE, in partnership with NPCIL, is modernizing Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) — 220 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) known for their proven safety and performance.
Key Features of BSRs:
- Reduced land requirements for installation.
- Suitable for deployment near industries (steel, aluminum, and metals) to aid decarbonization.
- Land and cooling water provided by private entities, with operations managed by NPCIL.
This development supports India’s commitment to:
- 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy generation by 2030.
- 50% energy requirements from renewables, as pledged at COP26 Summit (Glasgow, 2021).
Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMRs)
Source-BARC
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is leading the development of Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMRs), with capacities ranging from 30 MWe to 300+ MWe.
| Feature | Benefit |
| Factory-based manufacturing | Reduced construction timelines and costs |
| Scalable and flexible design | Suitable for on-grid and off-grid applications |
| Remote deployment capability | Ideal for isolated areas and retiring coal plants |
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Additionally, DAE is exploring next-generation reactors, including:
- High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs): For hydrogen co-generation.
- Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs): To harness India’s abundant thorium resources.
In addition to this DAE with help of its PSUs is undertaking significant strides in enhancing Nuclear Energy in India. Let’s have a look-
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
Source-NPCIL
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) operating under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. Established in 1987, NPCIL is responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of nuclear power plants in India. It plays a vital role in India’s nuclear energy program, contributing significantly to the country’s goal of sustainable and clean energy generation. NPCIL uses indigenous technologies like Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and also collaborates internationally for advanced reactor technologies, ensuring energy security and reducing carbon emissions.
| Project/Development | Details | Location |
| Capacity Expansion | Increase nuclear capacity from 8,180 MW to 22,480 MW by 2031-32 | Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh |
| Kovvada Nuclear Power Plant | 6×1208 MW plant in partnership with the United States | Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh |
| Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (RAPP-7) | Achieved criticality on September 19, 2024 | Rajasthan |
| Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS-3 & 4) | 700 MWe PHWR units began commercial operations in FY 2023-24 | Kakrapar, Gujarat |
| ASHVINI Joint Venture (NPCIL & NTPC) | Development of 4×700 MWe PHWR Mahi-Banswara project | Rajasthan |
| Mithi Virdi Nuclear Power Project | Six 1000 MWe Light Water Reactors (LWR); pre-project activities underway | Gujarat |
| Kovvada Nuclear Power Project (Expansion) | Six 1000 MWe LWRs; environmental impact assessments in progress | Andhra Pradesh |
| Chutka Nuclear Power Plant | Two 700 MWe Indigenous PHWRs; pre-project phase | Madhya Pradesh |
| Bharat Small Reactors (BSR) | 220 MWe reactors for industrial decarbonization; private industry proposals invited | Various industrial locations |
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Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI)
Source-Fast Breeder Reactor
Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. Established on October 22, 2003, BHAVINI is primarily responsible for the design, construction, and operation of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) in India.
These reactors play a critical role in India’s three-stage nuclear power program, which aims to harness the country’s abundant thorium reserves for long-term energy security. By focusing on advanced reactor technologies, BHAVINI contributes significantly to India’s clean energy goals, promoting sustainable nuclear power generation and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
| Project/Program | Type | Location | Objective | Status |
| 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) | Ongoing | Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu | India’s first Fast Breeder Reactor using thorium-based fuel for long-term energy security. | Commissioning expected soon (faced delays) |
| Future Fast Breeder Reactor Projects | Proposed | Multiple locations (Planned) | Development of multiple FBRs after PFBR commissioning to strengthen nuclear power generation and support India’s three-stage nuclear power program. | Planned (Post-PFBR commissioning) |
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IREL (India) Limited
Source-IREL
Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) operating under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). It plays a crucial role in enhancing India’s nuclear energy capacity by mining and processing rare earth minerals, monazite, and other heavy minerals essential for the nuclear fuel cycle. IREL supports strategic industries, clean energy initiatives, and high-tech sectors by ensuring a steady supply of critical materials like uranium, thorium, and zirconium, thereby strengthening India’s energy security and self-reliance in the nuclear domain.
| Project Name | Location | Objective | Status/Expected Completion | Significance |
| Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant (REPM) | Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh | Manufacture rare-earth-based magnets for EVs, wind turbines, defense | Operational; production ramp-up in 2025 | Reduces dependency on imported rare-earth magnets |
| Monazite Processing Plant (MPP) | Odisha Sands Complex (OSCOM), Odisha | Extract uranium, thorium, and REEs from monazite sand | Fully functional | Supports nuclear energy and high-tech industries |
| Mineral Sands Processing | Tamil Nadu (Manavalakurichi), Kerala (Chavara), Odisha (OSCOM) | Process heavy minerals like ilmenite, zircon, rutile, sillimanite | Running at full capacity | Supplies materials for aerospace, ceramics, titanium |
| Zirconium Complex | Pazhayakayal, Tamil Nadu | Produce zirconium compounds for nuclear reactors and defense | Operational | Ensures self-sufficiency in nuclear fuel materials |
| Expansion of Mineral Sands Processing | Banda District (Andhra Pradesh), Kutch (Gujarat) | Increase domestic supply of strategic minerals | Expected by 2027 | Reduces import dependency; supports nuclear sectors |
| Advanced Rare Earth Processing Facility | Location TBD | Produce high-purity rare earth oxides, metals, and alloys | Expected by 2028 | Supports Make in India and Atma Nirbhar Bharat |
| Thorium-Based Reactor Fuel Development | Collaboration with BARC | Utilize thorium for future thorium-based reactors | Expected by 2030 | Strengthens India’s three-stage nuclear program |
| Rare Earth Value-Addition Project | Odisha or Tamil Nadu (TBD) | Manufacture value-added rare earth materials for high-tech sectors | Expected by 2026 | Reduces reliance on imported rare earth products |
| Private Sector Collaboration in Rare Earth Mining | Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh | Engage private sector in rare earth and strategic mineral mining | Policy framework by 2025 | Increases efficiency; boosts private participation |
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Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL)
Source-NPCIL
The Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. Established in 1967, UCIL is responsible for the mining and processing of uranium ore, which is a crucial component for India’s nuclear power generation and strategic programs. UCIL plays a pivotal role in ensuring a steady supply of uranium for the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and other nuclear establishments in India. With a focus on sustainable mining practices, UCIL is expanding its operations across the country to meet India’s growing energy demands and strengthen the nation’s self-reliance in nuclear fuel.
| Project Name | Type | Location | Details | Status |
| Tummalapalle Uranium Project | Ongoing | Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh | One of India’s largest underground uranium mines with a processing plant. | Operational |
| Expansion in Jharkhand | Ongoing | Jharkhand | Six underground mines and one open-pit mine with processing plants at Jaduguda and Turamdih. | Expansion underway |
| Gogi Uranium Project | Proposed | Yadgir District, Karnataka | New uranium mine and processing plant. | Pre-project phase |
| Lambapur Uranium Project | Proposed | Telangana | Planned uranium mining and processing facility. | Proposal stage |
| KPM Uranium Project | Proposed | West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya | Open-pit mines and processing plant at Mawthabah. | Site activities upcoming |
| Rohil Uranium Project | Proposed | Sikar District, Rajasthan | Uranium oxide deposits discovered; mining approval issued by Rajasthan government. | Pre-project phase |
| Kanchankayi Uranium Project | Proposed | Yadgir District, Karnataka | Underground uranium mine and ore processing plant. | Clearance awaited |
| Nationwide Expansion | Proposed | Multiple locations across India | 13 uranium mining projects with ₹10,570 crore investment to quadruple production. | Long-term plan |
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Nuclear Energy and SDGs
Nuclear energy is vital for achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing clean, reliable, and low-carbon energy that drives economic growth, supports healthcare, and protects the environment.
Its high energy density and low environmental impact give it a competitive edge in sustainable energy solutions. Nuclear power plays a key role in global energy strategies, contributing to clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), good health (SDG 3), and industry innovation (SDG 9).The sector’s approach aligns with sustainability goals by minimizing environmental impact and ensuring valuable resources for future generations.
Source-SDG and Nuclear Energy
Issues relating to Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy offers a promising solution for meeting the growing energy demands of developing countries like India. However, its adoption comes with various challenges that must be addressed for its sustainable and safe expansion.
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Way Forward
- Safety Concerns
To prevent nuclear accidents, India can adopt safety measures similar to Japan’s post-Fukushima reforms, which included enhanced safety checks and robust infrastructure designs. For instance, India can strengthen its Nuclear Power Corporation’s safety audits and emergency preparedness drills, especially in coastal plants like Kudankulam, which face natural disaster risks. - Waste Management
India can look up to Finland’s Onkalo Repository, the world’s first deep geological repository, as a model for safe, long-term disposal of nuclear waste. Establishing a similar facility would reduce India’s reliance on interim storage and mitigate long-term risks. International collaborations for sharing best practices in waste management could also accelerate progress. - Nuclear Proliferation
Learning from the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA), India can strengthen its global nuclear diplomacy to ensure peaceful use of nuclear technology. Transparent reporting to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and participation in non-proliferation treaties would reinforce India’s commitment to responsible nuclear expansion while addressing geopolitical concerns. - High Costs and Financial Risks
The Hinkley Point C project in the UK, which faced cost overruns, highlights the need for effective financial management. India could explore public-private partnerships (PPPs) and phased project execution to share risks. Streamlining approvals for nuclear plants like Jaitapur would also help control escalating costs. - Regulatory and Liability Issues
The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, influenced by the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, can be reassessed to boost investor confidence. For example, revising supplier liability clauses could attract foreign suppliers like Westinghouse and AREVA, who currently hesitate due to potential financial risks. - Environmental Impact
Adopting sustainable uranium mining practices is crucial. In Jharkhand, eco-friendly mining technologies and rehabilitation plans for displaced communities could address ecological degradation. Additionally, advanced cooling systems, like those used in France’s Flamanville plant, can reduce thermal pollution in water bodies near reactors. - Public Perception and Opposition
Public opposition, as seen in the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project, can be mitigated through community engagement programs. Transparent dialogues, compensation packages, and educational campaigns showcasing successful nuclear projects (like Tarapur Atomic Power Station) can build trust and reduce resistance. - International Cooperation and Standards
The Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008) opened doors to global nuclear markets. Strengthening ties with nations like France for projects such as Jaitapur and collaborating with Russia on advanced reactor technologies will ensure adherence to global safety norms while advancing India’s nuclear capabilities.
Conclusion
India’s nuclear energy sector has witnessed remarkable growth over the past decade, nearly doubling its generation capacity from 4,780 MW in 2014 to 8,180 MW in 2024. With ambitious plans to triple this capacity to 22,480 MW by 2031-32, the country is poised to strengthen its position as a leader in sustainable and low-emission energy generation. This progress reflects India’s strategic focus on enhancing energy security while meeting climate commitments by reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) has played a pivotal role in driving these advancements through transformative policies such as the bulk approval of 10 reactors, fostering collaborations with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), enabling limited private sector participation, and streamlining administrative processes. By revising the power distribution framework, ensuring equitable resource allocation, and boosting domestic uranium alternatives like thorium through indigenous projects such as Bhavani, DAE continues to advance India’s energy self-reliance agenda.
Beyond energy generation, India’s atomic energy program has made significant contributions to agriculture, healthcare, and defense. The development of 70 mutagenic crop varieties, introduction of advanced isotopes for cancer treatment, and innovation of lightweight bulletproof jackets underscore the sector’s multidisciplinary impact.
While challenges related to land acquisition, forest clearances, and equipment procurement persist, the government’s commitment, aligned with the vision of “One Nation, One Government”, remains steadfast. With nine atomic power projects currently under construction and several others in the pipeline, India’s nuclear roadmap is well-defined.
By leveraging abundant thorium reserves, accelerating indigenous technological advancements, and ensuring adherence to safety and sustainability standards, India is set to achieve energy self-sufficiency, foster innovation, and drive economic growth. The Department of Atomic Energy’s integral role will continue to be at the forefront of this journey, steering India’s nuclear program towards peaceful applications and sustainable development in line with Dr. Homi Bhabha’s visionary goals.
References
- Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). (n.d.). Home page. Government of India. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://dae.gov.in/
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- United Nations. (n.d.). International Day of Clean Energy: 26 January. United Nations. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://www.un.org/en/observances/clean-energy-day
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- Down To Earth. (n.d.). Budget 2025-26 goes big on nuclear; experts question move. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://www.downtoearth.org.in/renewable-energy/budget-2025-26-goes-big-on-nuclear-experts-question-move
- Press Information Bureau. (n.d.). Press Release Iframe Page. Government of India. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1966227
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- International Energy Agency. (n.d.). The path to a new era for nuclear energy. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b6a6fc8c-c62e-411d-a15c-bf211ccc06f3/ThePathtoaNewEraforNuclearEnergy.pdf
- Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited. (n.d.). New projects. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://www.npcil.nic.in/content/509_1_NewProjects.aspx
- Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI). (n.d.). Home page. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://bhavini.nic.in/
- Indian Rare Earths Limited. (n.d.). Home page. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://www.irel.co.in/
- Uranium Corporation of India Limited. (n.d.). Home page. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://uraniumcorp.in/
- World Nuclear Association. (n.d.). Nuclear power in India. Retrieved February 21, 2025, from https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india
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About the Contributor: Deepankshi Agnihotry is a research intern at IMPRI and holds a postgraduate degree in Electronics, is curious and passionate about sustainability and impactful policy solutions.
Acknowledgement: The author would like to express sincere gratitude to Dr.Vaishali Singh, Ms Aasthaba Jadeja and the IMPRI team for giving the opportunity for writing the article. The author extends her gratitude to Ms Sana Ansari and Ms Mallika for their valuable inputs.
Disclaimer: All views expressed in the article belong solely to the author and not necessarily to the organisation.
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