Policy UpdateVibha Sethi BACKGROUND With the rapid expansion of India’s digital marketplace and internet user base, the government required a comprehensive legal framework to secure personal data and govern corporate processing practices. ● Policy Inception ● Need and Rationale ●…
For over a decade, India's principal industrial energy-efficiency instrument was the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme, a rolling, cycle-based mechanism administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power. PAT set legally binding specific energy consumption (SEC) reduction targets for Designated Consumers under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, and functioned as a market-based compliance mechanism: overachievers earned tradable Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts), traded on the Indian Energy Exchange at market-determined prices (roughly ₹200–1,200 per certificate in PAT Cycle I) (Sarangi, 2021) while underachievers were required to purchase ESCerts to cover their shortfall or face financial penalties under the Act.
For twenty-one years, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005 gave every rural household a legal entitlement to 100 days of unskilled work a year. Its funding was generous to states: the Centre covered full unskilled wages and 75% of material costs, leaving states only a quarter of materials, plus administration and unemployment allowance.
Nations worldwide are transitioning rapidly from fossil fuels to clean energy sources as global energy policies are changing. Uranium is one of those clean energy sources that is getting a lot of demand on the international level to replace fossil fuels. Uranium is seen as a fuel source that has the capability to replace coal or gas. It is widely used for producing electricity as a more efficient source than coal and gas, which emit CO₂. Currently, through uranium, around 9% of the world’s electricity is produced (World Nuclear Association, 2026). Countries like Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea and Ukraine get 30% or more of their electricity generated through uranium, while 70 % of the electricity in France is generated through it (World Nuclear Association, 2026).
The Accelerated e-Mobility Revolution for India’s Transportation (e-AMRIT) initiative was launched on 10 November 2021 by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Government of the United Kingdom during the COP26 Summit in Glasgow. The initiative was developed under the UK-India Joint Roadmap 2030 and was conceived as a comprehensive digital platform to support India's transition towards electric mobility.
The launch of the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) in April 2016 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (MoAFW), with the Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) acting as the lead agency, marked a pivotal institutional attempt to integrate India’s fragmented agricultural trade.