
CENTRALISATION VS. FISCAL FEDERALISM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MINES AND MINERALS (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) AMENDMENT BILL, 2026
Gone are the times when National security was synonymous lonely to the military might of a country.

Gone are the times when National security was synonymous lonely to the military might of a country.

India's ability to sustain high economic growth increasingly depends on its capacity to attract, facilitate and retain investment.

India's agricultural policy has long faced a fundamental information challenge. While the government may determine the types of assistance to provide, identifying who is engaged in farming, the locations of agricultural activity, the crops cultivated, and the specific support required has necessitated reliance on multiple, disconnected records. Land records, crop surveys, beneficiary databases, weather data, and scheme records have historically operated within separate administrative systems.(Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, 2022).

India’s electronics sector has undergone rapid expansion over the past decade, transforming the country into one of the world's largest assembly hubs for finished consumer devices. However, this expansion historically relied on downstream Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) operations, leaving the underlying value chain heavily dependent on imported sub-assemblies, passive components, and upstream raw materials.

India's approach to e-waste has shifted over time, from simply regulating disposal to making producers themselves responsible for what happens to their products after use. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016, notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), built this Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework, requiring producers to ensure collection and environmentally sound management of e-waste from their products. It covered 21 categories of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE).

Historically, Hyderabad was known as “City of lakes”, it was built with a cascade of interconnected lakes (Golusu Katuu), and storm-water drains (nalas) around the Musi river to store and redistribute monsoon runoff across the Deccan plateau. Following the Musi river floods of 1908, prompted engineer M. Visvesvaraya designed an integrated flood-defense system featuring Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar reservoirs, supported by thousands of catchment tanks (swarajya, 2016)

Critical minerals have emerged as a strategy priority for the World as we expand our energy transition, advanced manufacturing and defence capabilities. Minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite and rare earth elements (REEs) are essential inputs for electric vehicle batteries, renewable energy technologies, permanent magnets, electronics and semiconductors. Their importance, however, extends beyond their economic value. The concentration of mining, refining and processing capacity in a limited number of countries leaves downstream industries vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions, export restrictions and supply shocks.