Rapid urbanization in India creates simultaneous developmental advantages and various complications for national growth. The Government of India introduced the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005 as its principal urban development program to manage increasing urban demands.
The concept of Purvodaya was first introduced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015 during the inauguration of an Indian Oil Corporation refinery in Paradip, Odisha. The initiative stepped up in Union Budget 2024-25 with Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaraman allocating significant funds for infrastructure, industrial and skill development programs in the region. This policy aims to position India as a global economic powerhouse by leveraging the potential of all regions under the broader vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.
The Government of India launched the Maritime Development Fund (MDF), a strategic initiative to support the country's maritime sector, with a special emphasis on the shipbuilding and repair sectors. The MDF, unveiled during the Union Budget 2025–26, plans to raise 25,000 crore, or roughly $3 billion, to offer long-term, affordable financial support for domestic shipbuilding and other infrastructure projects.
Cash transfer schemes fall under both the State List and Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, depending on their implementation structure. While these schemes have gained popularity in recent years, they are not a new phenomenon. They have existed since market liberalization, reflecting a shift from a welfare state to a corporate welfare state, where targeted financial support replaces broad-based subsidies.
India’s export promotion mission was announced in the 2025-26 Union Budget presented by the finance minister with a budget allocation of Rs 2,250 crore. This mission is a major step for India to make its global trade more competitive.
Launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on June 1, 2020, as part of the “Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan” Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor’s Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) aimed at empowering and improving the economic conditions of the street vendors that were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for this scheme arises as India’s street vendor forms an integral part of the urban economy.
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) serves as the cornerstone of India's economic framework, fostering entrepreneurship, employment generation, and industrial growth. The MSME sector is often regarded as the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing nearly 30% to the country’s GDP, 45% of total exports, and providing livelihoods to over 110 million people.