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Surrogacy Regulatory Act 2021: Redefining Reproductive Rights in India

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (Act No. 47 of 2021) was enacted by the Parliament of India to regulate the practice and process of surrogacy. It received the assent of the President on 25 December 2021 (Ministry of Law and Justice, 2021). The Act constitutes the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board, State Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Boards, and appropriate authorities for regulation of surrogacy and related matters (Ministry of Law and Justice, 2021).

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Institutionalizing Financial Inclusion: A Policy Review of Bihar’s JEEViKA Framework (2006)

The Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP), locally branded as JEEViKA, was conceived in October 2006 by the Department of Rural Development, Government of Bihar, with World Bank backing (BRLPS, 2026). Initially launched as a pilot across six impoverished, climate-vulnerable districts targeting 1.5 million households, its original mandate was narrowly focused on poverty reduction through women's collectivization—organizing rural women into SHGs to build savings discipline, internal lending, and financial literacy (World Bank, 2020). At this stage, JEEViKA functioned as a limited, World Bank-funded pilot with no mandate to implement a national mission (World Bank, 2020).

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Udyam Assist Platform (2023): Promoting the Formalisation of Informal Micro Enterprises in India

The Udyam Assist Platform (UAP) is a digital registration platform launched by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) on January 11, 2023, in association with the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). Its purpose is to bring Informal Micro Enterprises (IMEs) into the formal ambit and make them eligible for Priority Sector Lending (PSL) benefits (PIB, 2023b; SIDBI, n.d.). IMEs are enterprises that cannot register on the main Udyam Registration Portal because they lack mandatory documents such as a Permanent Account Number (PAN) or a GST Identification Number (GSTIN) (Business Standard, 2023)

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Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) 3.0, 2026

The Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) is a Government of India initiative launched in 2016 to modernise land record management, improve transparency in the maintenance of land records, and reduce the scope for land and property disputes.

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Setu Bharatam (2016): Bridging India’s Infrastructure Gaps and Enhancing Road Safety.

Setu Bharatam was launched by the Government of India on 4 March 2016 to address the safety risks and traffic bottlenecks created by railway level crossings on national highways. Before the programme was introduced, road vehicles frequently had to stop at railway crossings to allow trains to pass, leading to traffic congestion, longer travel times and inconvenience for commuters and freight operators. These crossings also posed serious safety concerns, as collisions between trains and road vehicles could result in loss of life and damage to property. At the same time, several existing bridges on national highways required repair, rehabilitation or replacement to ensure safe and uninterrupted transportation.

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