Category Public Finances and Macroeconomics

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DPDP (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2026: Clarifying Guardian Consent and Data Audit Obligations.

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 marked a paradigm shift in India's data governance regime, yet its implementation encountered procedural ambiguities, particularly concerning vulnerable data principals. The DPDP (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2026, issued by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) under Section 60 of the Act, seeks to address these operational gaps.

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Financing India’s Net-Zero Transition: Economic Costs, Distributional Choices and Policy Priorities.

India’s net-zero transition is increasingly becoming an economic concern alongside its environmental goals. India needs to expand energy access, support industrialisation, meet rising electricity demand and improve living standards while reducing the emissions intensity of economic activity. The challenge is not simply to replace fossil fuels with cleaner alternatives, but to finance this transformation without placing an unsustainable burden on public finances, businesses or households. Future policy frameworks must also account for human development priorities, including health, education and poverty reduction, to ensure that emissions reduction targets remain compatible with improvements in living standards and broader socioeconomic progress.

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Tamil Nadu R&D Policy 2022: Strengthening Research, Innovation and Industry-Academia Linkages

The Tamil Nadu R&D Policy 2022 is the State Government's dedicated framework for attracting and supporting research and development investment, issued by the Industries, Investment Promotion and Commerce Department. The Department's own Policy Note describes its purpose as boosting an R&D ecosystem that can feed innovative technologies and solutions across industrial and service sectors, with a particular aim of attracting scientific R&D and Global Capability Centre (GCC) investments (Government of Tamil Nadu, 2023). The policy takes effect from the date of the Government Order and is valid for ten years or until a new policy is announced, whichever is earlier (Government of Tamil Nadu, 2022).

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GST Reverse Charge Mechanism (2017): Rationale, Implementation and Challenges

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in India on 1 July 2017 to create a more unified indirect tax system and reduce the cascading effect of taxes. Under the normal GST system, the supplier of goods or services collects tax from the recipient and deposits it with the government. However, in certain specified transactions, the responsibility for paying GST is shifted from the supplier to the recipient. This arrangement is known as the Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) (Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs [CBIC], 2017).

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Institutionalizing Financial Inclusion: A Policy Review of Bihar’s JEEViKA Framework (2006)

The Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP), locally branded as JEEViKA, was conceived in October 2006 by the Department of Rural Development, Government of Bihar, with World Bank backing (BRLPS, 2026). Initially launched as a pilot across six impoverished, climate-vulnerable districts targeting 1.5 million households, its original mandate was narrowly focused on poverty reduction through women's collectivization—organizing rural women into SHGs to build savings discipline, internal lending, and financial literacy (World Bank, 2020). At this stage, JEEViKA functioned as a limited, World Bank-funded pilot with no mandate to implement a national mission (World Bank, 2020).

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India–UN Development Partnership Fund (2024): Advancing South–South Development Cooperation

Established in June 2017 on the margins of the United Nations General Assembly Ocean Conference, the India–UN Development Partnership Fund represents a landmark mechanism in modern multilateral development assistance (United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation [UNOSSC], 2024a).

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