The BRICS Vaccine Research and Development (R&D) Centre is an almost imperceptible entity, as it took a long time to establish the institution. Its concept was first introduced during the 2018 Johannesburg Summit, where South Africa offered a proposal for a joint vaccine centre, which was reiterated in the 2020 Moscow Declaration
ndia’s agricultural price policy serves a purpose beyond supporting individual farmers: it helps manage the economic uncertainty inherent in food production.
India's consumer market has expanded rapidly with the growth of e-commerce, digital payments, online services and platform-based transactions. As the volume and complexity of consumer transactions increase, effective mechanisms for resolving disputes over defective goods, deficient services, refunds, unfair practices and other consumer grievances become increasingly important.
India has introduced a wide range of schemes to support the education, safety, health and economic development of girls across different states and union territories. Despite significant progress in female education and social development, girls in India continue to face structural barriers linked to poverty, early marriage, school dropout, inadequate healthcare and limited economic opportunities. These challenges are not uniform across the country and often vary by state, region, caste, income and rural or urban location. Government schemes for girls have therefore evolved as targeted policy responses to address different dimensions of disadvantage, from educational access and financial support to health, protection and skill development. A state wise comparison is therefore important to assess whether differences in programme design, coverage and delivery are reflected in measurable outcomes such as school retention, delayed marriage, financial autonomy and gender related indicators.
The Ease of Living Index (EoLI) is a Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) assessment tool designed to help Indian cities evaluate themselves against global and national benchmarks and to encourage a shift toward outcome-based urban planning and management. MoHUA launched the first edition on August 13, 2018, describing it at the time as more than just a ranking exercise, an open and participatory assessment combining self-reported data with physical audits of urban metrics, intended to create a baseline for evidence-based urban policy debate (PIB, 2018).
The COVID-19 lockdown exposed a fundamental weakness in India's labour-market architecture: millions of workers possessed valuable skills and extensive work experience but remained largely invisible to formal systems of employment matching. Uttar Pradesh experienced this challenge at an exceptional scale.
School education in India has long relied on public investment alone to meet the twin challenges of infrastructure gaps and learning-resource shortages, particularly in government schools. Recognising that community and private-sector participation could supplement rather than replace government effort, the Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education, introduced Vidyanjali, a school volunteer programme designed to connect government and government-aided schools with volunteers, resources, and institutional support.