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Pradhan Mantri Cha Shramik Protsahan Yojana (2024): Assessing a Targeted Welfare Scheme for India’s Tea Garden Workers

India's tea industry occupies a distinctive place in the country's rural economy. It is the world's largest producer and consumer of black tea, and in 2024 it ranked as the third-largest tea exporter globally, with exports touching ₹7,817.58 crore in FY 2024-25 (Press Information Bureau [PIB], 2026). Yet the sector's economic significance sits alongside a long-standing social burden: tea is a highly labour-intensive plantation crop, employing 11.56 lakh workers in the organised sector alone, with women comprising nearly 58 per cent of this workforce (PIB, 2026). Worker welfare in tea gardens — housing, healthcare, education and social security — has historically been the statutory responsibility of estate managements under the Plantation Labour Act, 1951, with implementation resting largely with state governments.

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Fortified Rice Initiative (2021): Addressing Hidden Hunger among Children

Malnutrition continues to be one of India’s biggest public health challenges, even with significant improvements in food production and economic development. Food security has increased, but many people still experience hidden hunger, a type of malnutrition caused by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals, even when calorie intake is sufficient. Where hidden hunger weakens immunity, hinders cognitive development, lowers learning capacity, and decreases productivity. Ultimately, this limits human capital development and economic growth.

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Academic Bank of Credits (ABC): National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 introduced the concept of an Academic Bank of Credits, a digital system where students could accumulate credits earned from accredited institutions and later use them for transfer, accumulation, or redemption for a degree, diploma, or certificate. The University Grants Commission acted on this promptly. In agreement with the Ministry of Education, it announced the ABC Regulations, 2021 in the Gazette of India on 28 July 2021, utilizing Section 26(1)(f) and (g) of the UGC Act, 1956. The initiative was publicly unveiled around the first anniversary of NEP 2020.

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