Public examinations determine more than the test of academic capability. For millions of students, examinations determine access to higher education, government employment, and social mobility. Any kind of unfair practices in the public examination process therefore affects not only individual candidates but also public confidence in the state's mechanism.
India’s electronics sector has undergone rapid expansion over the past decade, transforming the country into one of the world's largest assembly hubs for finished consumer devices. However, this expansion historically relied on downstream Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) operations, leaving the underlying value chain heavily dependent on imported sub-assemblies, passive components, and upstream raw materials.
The National Pension System (NPS) was notified by the Ministry of Finance on 22 December 2003 and became effective from 1 January 2004. Originally introduced as the New Pension Scheme, it was designed as a new defined contribution system to replace the traditional defined benefit Old Pension Scheme (OPS) for new government recruits and represents a major shift in India’s approach to old-age income security.
Gold hallmarking in India began as a voluntary certification scheme run by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in April 2000, allowing jewellers to have their gold articles tested and marked for purity by BIS-recognised centres since it was started by BIS in April 2000 to provide third-party assurance to consumers on the purity of gold jewellery.
Policy UpdateApala Background Mission Vatsalya was built around a single promise. The scheme commits the Government to strengthen the juvenile justice care and protection system with the motto “leave no child behind” (Ministry of Women and Child Development, 2022). For…
Policy UpdatesHimanshi Singh Background India’s development diplomacy in Africa is shifting from conventional approaches to emerging areas such as Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). India’s own DPI experiments, such as the biometric ID, instant payment system (UPI), and large-scale health management…
Policy UpdatesPurbaa Jagannath Background Despite the significant contribution of micro, small and medium industries to the country’s industrial output, employment and exports, most of them are using old machines, old boilers and old processes with much higher energy consumption than…